The Seventh and Eighth Dynasties are often overlooked because very little is known about the rulers of these two periods. Main articles: Seventh Dynasty of Egypt and Eighth Dynasty of Egypt "State collapse was complicated, but unrelated to Nile flooding history." The Seventh and Eighth Dynasties at Memphis ![]() According to Manning, there is no relationship with low Nile floods. There is however no consensus on this subject. A third reason for the dissolution of centralized kingship that is mentioned was the low levels of the Nile inundation which may have been caused by a drier climate, resulting in lower crop yields bringing about famine across ancient Egypt see 4.2 kiloyear event. The rise of these numerous nomarchs inevitably created conflicts between neighboring provinces, often resulting in intense rivalries and warfare between them. They erected tombs in their own domains and often raised armies. As these nomarchs grew increasingly powerful and influential, they became more independent from the king. Towards the end of the Old Kingdom the positions of the nomarchs had become hereditary, so families often held onto the position of power in their respective provinces. Another major problem was the rise in power of the provincial nomarchs. Thus, the regime of the Old Kingdom disintegrated amidst this disorganization. ![]() He outlived many of his anticipated heirs, thereby creating problems with succession. He ruled from his childhood until he was very elderly, possibly in his 90s, but the length of his reign is uncertain. One reason that is often quoted is the extremely long reign of Pepi II, the last major pharaoh of the 6th Dynasty. The causes that brought about the downfall of the Old Kingdom are numerous, but some are merely hypothetical. The fall of the Old Kingdom is often described as a period of chaos and disorder by some literature in the First Intermediate Period, but mostly by the literature of successive eras of ancient Egyptian history. History Events leading to the First Intermediate Period This event marked the beginning of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt. ![]() The two kingdoms would eventually come into conflict, which would lead to the conquest of the north by the Theban kings and to the reunification of Egypt under a single ruler, Mentuhotep II, during the second part of the Eleventh Dynasty. It is believed that during that time, temples were pillaged and violated, artwork was vandalized, and the statues of kings were broken or destroyed as a result of the postulated political chaos. One of the bases was at Heracleopolis in Lower Egypt, a city just south of the Faiyum region, and the other was at Thebes, in Upper Egypt. The First Intermediate Period was a dynamic time in which rule of Egypt was roughly equally divided between two competing power bases. Very little monumental evidence survives from this period, especially from the beginning of the era. The concept of a "First Intermediate Period" was coined in 1926 by Egyptologists Georg Steindorff and Henri Frankfort. It comprises the Seventh (although this is mostly considered spurious by Egyptologists), Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, and part of the Eleventh Dynasties. 2181–2055 BC, after the end of the Old Kingdom. ![]() The Ipuwer papyrus therefore supports a divergence of several hundred years between the biblical and secular timelines at the time of the Exodus.The First Intermediate Period, described as a 'dark period' in ancient Egyptian history, spanned approximately 125 years, c. Often secular scholars declare that biblical events like the Exodus cannot have taken place because there are no evidences of these at the time in history where the Bible places them. The question of divergence of the secular and biblical timelines is a matter of enormous importance for biblical apologetics. This puts the manuscript’s original date (as determined by scholars) exactly where it should be. With respect to dating the events in this papyrus, it needs to be understood that the secular historical timeline diverges from the biblical timeline, and furthermore, that the Old Kingdom and the Middle Kingdom of Egypt ended at the same time (contrary to the standard history). In this paper we show that this ancient document most likely describes Exodus conditions and that the Ipuwer Papyrus therefore offers strong extra-biblical evidence for a historical Exodus. On the other side are those who deny this on the basis of disbelief that the Exodus ever took place, or who claim that the date of the events described in the manuscript are wrong for the Exodus. On the one side are those who claim that this manuscript describes chaotic conditions in Egypt at the time of the biblical Exodus. Controversy surrounds the Ipuwer Papyrus, an Egyptian manuscript residing in the Dutch National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden, Netherlands.
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